Then read them to your partner who will respond with an echo question and then say whether he I she is the same as you or different. Neither am l. So am l. I I'm not. I hate. So do l. I I don't. I like it. I don't often. I've been to. Make guesses about your partner and then check if they are true. G present perfed simple and continuous V illness and treatment P consonant and vowel sounds c You're the doctor!
Then decide which you think is the The phonetic symbols in a dictionary help you check correct answer for each one. Then listen and check. Write the words from the list in the correct column. In the excitement, one of your friends suddenly starts having a nosebleed. Practise saying the words. Look at the typical spellings for these sounds.
It hurts a lot and she has blisters on her skin. DO YOU. Check your answers. Work in pairs. A read the first article aud B read the second. My friend's choking! Did Trisha Goddard do the right thing? Library assistaut, Mrs.
Johnson was having dinner with friends in 2 What happened to Peter in the end? Did his a restauraut. They were all having mother do the right thing? She was starting to panic. If One of her friends shouted out this happens, don't freeze! Paraphrase use other desperately. She's choking. Talk to a partner.
Have you ever had to give first aid? The day my little boy - YES Who to? I could hardly understand him, as his mouth was full of cherry Has anyone ever "ad to give you first aid? He had taken them out of the fridge while I was making lunch. This was a big mistake. He tried to cough, but nothing happened.
He was choking. Peter began to turn blue. How much do you know about first aid? I ran outside into the street. Where did you learn it? I was desperate.
I put my whole hand in What do you think you should do if? Right V or wrong I'? Correct the wrong highlighted phrases. B Yes, I've broken my leg two years ago. B Not yet. I'm going this afternoon. S Ouch! I cut my finger! Have you got a plaster? B Since last Tuesday. He's coming home tomorrow. She's very good. Read the jokes and use your instinct to cross out the wrong form present perfect simple or continuous. Listen and check.
Patient Doctor, my son has swallowed I has been swallowing my pen, what should I do? Doctor Use a pencil until I get there. Doctor You look exhausted! Patient Yes. Doctor After a cat? Patient Yes, I think I'm a dog, doctor.
Doctor I see. How long has this gone on I has this been going on for? Patient Since I was a little puppy. Doctor OK. Just lie down here on the couch and we'll talk about it. Patient I can't! Doctor Why not? Patient I'm not allowed on the furniture. Patient Have they sent I Have they been sending you the results of my tests yet? Doctor Yes. The news isn't good, I'm afraid. Patient How long have I got to live, doctor? Doctor Ten Doctor Nine, eight, seven, six Is there anytlllng you could do to improve your health?
How many glasses I drink today? How long I do it? How many portions I have today? How far I walked today? How long I smoke? How many cigarettes I have today? How long I take them? I sleep well recently? I ever have a serious allergic reaction? For decades doctors have warned us about the dangers b Which three of these things do you think are the most of stress and have given us advice about how to cut down our stress levels. Everyone agrees that long-term stressful?
However, some medical experts o Running for a bus or train. Dr Kyriazis says that 'good stress' can activities that are bad for your health. What does the article say strengthen our natural defences which protect us from ahout the others?
He believes d Read the article again more slowly. Circle the correct main idea that 'good stress' can increase the production of the for each paragraph. The stress usually c Good stress stops us from getting ill. However, in both these c Too much protein can make us ill. But then the cells' own repair mechanism 'switches on' and it produces c Packing your suitcase in a hurry is an example of good stress. In fact, the body's d paragraph 1. DVD or video recorder by following the 3 What other health stories have you heard about recently?
Do you pay much attention to them? Do you believe them? So next time your boss tells you that she wants to see o p.
What does the future hold? Before you listen, read the glossary and look at how the words are pronounced to help you understand what he says. What do you trunk they mean? Answer the questions with a partner. Would you like Frank Clifford to read your 5 predicting his own future palm or do you a birth chart?
Write the number of the speakers next to their star sign. What do you think they mean? Look at If you are writing an email, it is more usual to start with Hi.
If you are writing a letter you should start with Dear. It has 12 mistakes: four grammar, four punctuation, and four spelling. With a partner, correct Useful language the mistakes. I haven't written or phoned.
Say hello to your family from me. Hi Eva, Hope to hear from you soon. I'm feeling a bit better of love from How are you?
What have you been doing? Anything exciting. How are your 1 Underline the questions in the email that fam ily? I hope they're well. Chris wants you to answer. I have. Could you recomend a think you need to respond, e. It needs to 3 Think about how to respond to each of the be somewhere not too expensive because the university is things you've underlined.
I' ll have a free half-day for siteseeing. Do you think you'll can show me around? That wou ld be great. Please give my regards to your family. Use informal language contractions, colloquial expressions, etc. Underline the word that is different. Say why. He never remembers our anniversary. I can always depend on him for anything. It's very easy to hurt her feelings. I'd love to go. I last saw you? The results were recently published c are likely to be an animal lover on Cen!
Petrie identifies three main password' genres '. These people use b watch a lot of TV their own name or nickname, the name of a child, partner, or pet, or a c go to the cinema very often birth date as their password. One third of b don't spend much time trying to invent a password respondents were 'fans', using the names of athletes, singers, movie stars, c can't think of an interesting password fictional characters, or sports teams. Petrie says fans are young and want S Passwords say something about our personalities to ally themselves with the lifestyle represented by a celebrity.
Petrie says cryptics are the most security-conscious group. They c we choose something without thinking about it consciously tend to make the safest but least interesting choices.
Passwords are revealing for two reasons. Can you invented on the spot. Also, to remember your password, you pick something that will stick in your mind. You may a 1. Answer the questions. S Why doesn't Alice agree with Lorenna? S What do the two commentators agree about? Can you D ask questions with or without aux. Before you with five different nationalities. Then do the same for HelL listen, with a partner try to predict what positive and Compare your version of the joke with another pair.
Use their accent and what they say Heaven about people from their country to help you. Does each person think they are typical or not? Try to write in the missing words. Which nationality I neighbour.
But how much truth is there in such stereotypes? Two psychologists, Robert McCrae and Antonio Terracciano, have investigated the subject and the results of their research are surprising. They found that people from a particular country do share some general characteristics, but that these characteristics are often very'different from the stereotype.
In the largest survey of its kind, a team of psychologists used personality tests to establish shared characteristics among 49 different nationalities around the world. In most cases the stereotype how nationalities saw themselves was very different from the results of the personality tests the reality. Correct the sentences which are For example, Italians and Russians thought of themselves as gram matically wrong. It The English be much more introvert than they imagined.
The Spanish saw 2 English people often travel abroad. In fact, the research showed them to be only averagely extrovert and much 3 The Spanishs enjoy eating out. Brazilians were quite 4 Chinese and Japanese have a different cuisine. The S I know an Italian who doesn't like spaghetti. Czechs and the Argentinians thought of themselves as bad- 6 My sister married a Polish. The English were the nationality f 0 p.
While they as nouns, and do exercise a. The British are usually less friendly than the Americans. The only nationality group in the whole study where people The Italians dress better than any other nationality. The elderly are best looked after in residential homes. The unemployed should not receive state benefits. Do you think the people are typically English in the way they dress?
Who do you think is dressed in the most eccentric way? Before Kate Fox, an anthropologist. Write T or F in the box. Their main 6 Young people around the world copy 'street fashio n' problem is that they have a desperate need for rules, invented by the English.
This helps to explain 7 The English don't like people who dress 'differently'. In other words, we English dress best when we d Look at the photo below. What 'tribe' of young people does he are 'in unifonn'. Read the second part of the text and find out why the You may be surprised that I am induding 'innovative stree! Surely the parrot-haired e Look at the highlighted adjectives and work out the meaning punks or the Victorian vampire Goths are being original, not from the context.
Check w ith your dictionary or the teach er. It's true that they all look different and eccentric, but in fact they all look eccentric in exactly the same f Choose the best summary of the article. From what you know way. The only truly eccentric of English people, do you think it is true? However they often have a sense of humour about it.
However, it B The English are a nation of individuals, who each dress in a rather is true that the styles invented by young English people are eccentric way. The Queen and the Goths are good examples of this. We they are, the better. However, it is well known that most teenager. People aim to reduce their carbon footprint by using cars less so that they cut down on their use of fossil fuels, for example.
They became extinct. Which words or phrases might be useful for describing your own or another town? Cork city is the major metropolis of the south; indeed, with a population of about ,, it is the second largest city in the Republic. The main business and shopping centre of the town lies on the island created by two channels of the River Lee, with many of the suburbs within walking distance of the centre.
The buses tend to be overcrowded and the one-way traffic system is extremely complicated. Cork has two markets. Neither caters specifically for tourists but those who enjoy the lively atmosphere of a real working market will appreciate their charm. The town has good sports and arts facilities. The Crawford Art Gallery is well worth a visit.
It regularly puts on adventurous exhibitions by contemporary artists. The fashionable residential districts of Cork city overlook the picturesque harbour. There are other residential areas on the outskirts. Cork is in the south of the Republic of Ireland. Use words from the text about Cork. Cambridge has the 1 second oldest university in England after Oxford. It has a 2 of around ,, many of whom are students. The main tourist 3 of the town lies in the city centre, around the university colleges.
A number of the old university 4 buildings are built on the of former monasteries or convents. Most of the more picturesque colleges 5 the River Cam.
Most of the main hotels in the town are within walking 6 of the centre. The town centre has a lively fruit and vegetable 7 and it 8 to be very crowded on Saturdays.
The town also has plenty of sports 11 catering for both young and old. An interesting new Science Park has been built on the 12 of the town, about two kilometres from the city centre. Think of a town and tick all those facilities which the town has. The words do not have to be on the left-hand page. These birds lay their eggs on the ground. Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey. Some verbs can be intransitive no object or transitive with an object : These flowers grow very quickly.
We grew some tomatoes in our garden last year. These animals breed in the spring. My neighbour breeds Burmese cats and sells them. We picked some flowers and put them in a vase. NOT picked up We pick something up when it has fallen from its normal position or someone drops it. A woman dropped her purse so I picked it up and gave it back to her. That plant has sharp. It was beautiful. What flower or animal is used as the national emblem of your country?
Find out what other plants or animals are national emblems of other countries. Here are some items of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar. If you wish to count them, you need to say, e. I need to get him a new pair. B Verbs associated with clothing Can I try on these grey shoes in the window?
I love dressing up for parties as I normally wear jeans. The skirt is too tight and too short - it needs letting out and letting down. The dress is too loose and too long - it needs taking in and taking up.
He changed out of his weekend clothes into his uniform. Her black bag matches her shoes. The burglars wore masks and hoods as a disguise in the hope that no one would be able to recognise them on CCTV.
One is broken and both the have holes in them. You should wear a over your shirt. Go and put your on. Use pair where it is necessary. Put your trousers on. Can you buy him three today? I think these ones should. Use as many words as you can from this unit. Verbs: My back is aching. I knew it was the flu.
I had a cold and it took me two weeks to get over it. She died of a heart attack. He contracted AIDS. Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night. Common mistakes A surgeon operates on a patient. They decided to operate on her and remove the tumour. NOT They decided to operate her. I when I was travelling. Who has …? Dalma 2 earache? E 2 I had to have some injections.
One of the sentences above contains a mistake. Correct it. My aunt died a with b of a heart attack. I had an infection but I recovered from it.
What were the symptoms? What did you do to solve the problem s? Middle Ages Spectacles1, probably invented by Arab scientists, were used to correct vision2. Nowadays, a vast4 range of devices5 is available: people with hearing difficulties wear sophisticated6 hearing aids7; people with heart problems wear tiny pacemakers8.
Artificial9 hips10 and knees are common, and are highly11 efficient. People who have lost an arm or a leg can have a prosthetic12 leg or a modern robotic13 arm and hand, which they can use to pick things up like a natural hand. Eyesight problems can be corrected by laser surgery Patients will sit at their home computers, describe their symptoms and send information automatically to their doctor for example, their blood pressure3 or body temperature using instruments such as thermometers connected to their computer.
You are given the first letter s. A preposition is missing in sentence 3. Add it. Patients will send information a to their doctor. Write true sentences. Others can cause long-term1 health problems if they are consumed2 in large quantities. Here are some examples. Note the use of the adjective and noun forms of the same word. There has been a sharp rise1 in the number Keeping fit need not be difficult.
You can of children who are obese2. Childhood maintain5 a good level of fitness with obesity is now a major3 problem. Children a simple routine of daily exercise. Start often take too little exercise. People often do not realise how stressful Bad habits can cause serious harm6 their jobs are. Stress can cause high blood to the body. Alcohol and tobacco are pressure, increased risk of heart attacks and particularly harmful if consumed in large depression4.
When we refer to food and fruit in general we use the uncountable form e. We always use fish in the singular. Match the sentence beginnings on the left with the endings on the right. Choose your answers from There may be more than one. B: Good! I love Chinese foods. Use related word forms, as in the example. How many are a healthy b not so healthy? Do you consume any superfoods? We had a long journey by coach from the north to the south of the country.
We usually say business trip NOT business journey. Go on a trip suggests an organised short excursion, whereas take a trip or have a trip could be something you do yourselves in your own car. Travel is a general word. It is an uncountable noun and a verb. Travel broadens the mind. How did you travel round Australia? We hitch-hiked. Voyage means a long journey usually by sea, though this use is quite formal. Learning English is a voyage of discovery! The airline put me up3 in a hotel overnight, and they put me on standby4 for the early morning flight the next day.
Luckily, I managed to get a seat and the flight left on time5 at 7. There was quite a lot of turbulence6 during the flight, which was scary at times. When we finally got to Tokyo, the weather was bad and we had a bumpy landing7.
Anyway, I volunteered to work as a crew member on board a yacht and it was an amazing experience. Everything ran very smoothly, even when the sea was rough1, and I never suffered from seasickness2. Travel is an uncountable noun. After we left the airport, we had a long journey by car.
The train arrived on time and I picked her up at the station. One of the words fits in two places. Which is it? In London, I enquired if there was a off. The weather was awful, and we experienced a lot of t s c on the train. In fact, the flight was so b that I got a to Scotland so I could travel overnight. The very unpleasant! The l me! When I get to Scotland I want to go to was not so bad and soon we were at the some of the islands.
I hope the sea is t collecting our baggage. I had after my hour flight from Europe. Have you ever been on a high-speed train? Do you usually visit the duty-free shop? What do you look for? What do you do before going through security? But once we made it, the views all straight 4 all around over the surrounding4 countryside made the 5 very frightening terrifying5 drive worthwhile.
I'm sending a photo of our camping spot. The remembered a memorable town is absolutely fascinating2 with lots holiday is a strong of very impressive3 buildings. Our hotel is collocation 2 extremely delightful4 - if a little inconvenient5 from interesting 3 grand, the transport point of view - and the food making an impact in this area is exceptional6. These are 4 charming 5 hard to get some of the old buildings in the town.
Francesca C Holiday brochures These are often written in quite exaggerated language. Here are some typical adjectives with nouns that they collocate with. Use a dictionary to help you, if necessary. Reply Forward Hi, Am having a wonderful holiday here. The town here is very old and quite 1 fascinating. The guidebook says it is remarkable for its 2 charm and it is right! It is surrounded by magnificent mountains and yesterday I went for an 3 climb.
Wish you were here! Love, P Write sentences. But what about these more recently established fields? GM foods genetically modified foods are grown in some parts of the world. He experimented with different materials before utilising1 the most suitable one.
The technician pressed a button and lights started flashing. When she pulled the large lever2, the wheel began to rotate3. The zoologist dissected4 the animal and extracted5 its organs. When they were combined, the two chemicals reacted violently with each other. After analysing the problem, she concluded that there was a flaw6 in the theory. Insert7 the disk into the DVD drive to install8 the software or visit the website to download it.
Then say what branch of science each person is probably talking about. Science: hydroponics 2 The software i your speech and e you to turn it into text. Science: 4 People are often worried. They feel that the c of an exact copy of an animal is not morally right. Science: 5 We study how human c can be used to rebuild our bodies and to repair them when they are injured.
Science: 6 My work is concerned with the s and f of the organic molecules a with living organisms. Science: 7 Many people refuse to eat g m foods. They consider GM foods to be unnatural. Science: 8 By manipulating DNA, we can a hereditary f. Science: It was so realistic. This is often shortened to app. You can get mobile phone apps for all sorts of things these days. You put the cursor on the one you want to use and click on it to open it.
C Some computing verbs You probably store a lot of important information on your computer. After a few years you may want to upgrade your computer as they are always developing machines which are faster and more powerful. I wonder if my computer has a. You key it in. If you have a broadband connection then your access to the Internet should be fast.
When you browse, you look for information on the Internet. The software that helps you do this can be called a browser e. You use a search engine to help you locate what you want. The introductory page is called the home page. From this there are links to other pages. Good websites are easy to navigate or find your way around. One option on many websites is an FAQ page. You can bookmark websites that you log on1 to frequently.
If a website gets a lot of hits, that means that it has been visited by a lot of people. Sometimes you need to subscribe to a site, which means you become a member of it. This may involve having a special username and choosing a password. You will only be able to log in2 to the site if you enter this information correctly.
You can store your data on your computer or phone, or you can store it in the cloud3. With an email you can include an attachment. You can attach a photo, for example. You can also send someone an e-card. This person is trustworthy.
We can trust Worthy to do the job. We arrived last week. His last weak excuse was not accepted. Short Form Why This sign is unlike any other. Prior to the Centenary version of Pitman's Shorthand in , this was the sign for the W or HW plus the "eye" sound, as in "wife" "Wight" "white", and also the short form "why" that we still use.
It behaved like the W semicircle — sometimes joined initially to certain strokes, sometimes unattached medially. Longhand often uses the letter W to indicate a long vowel. To continue the direction of curve of the preceding or next stroke, or its hook or circle, i. Make a legible join with the next stroke in the outline. This may necessitate ignoring the rule of similar motion.
With certain strokes, to differentiate between words that have an initial or final vowel and those that do not. Vowel indication only occurs in cases where both directions of Ell are equally convenient. Some of the words naturally fall into pairs e. An initial downwards Ell cannot take an initial circle or loop.
Note the placing of the vowel signs against the Ell: first place vowels are written at the beginning of the stroke, which with downwards Ell is at the top.
In such cases it is behaving similarly to stroke Chay. This does not produce an ideal join to the Ell shallow angle, and both strokes going backwards but does allow similar motion between the En and Ell. Presumably the thickness of Jay helps readability despite the poor join compare with "unlatch" below.
Ell used in phrases for "will" is normally upwards. Special outlines London Londoner Londonderry but generally thus: Landon Linton After small Shun Hook, follow the motion — most of them have downward Ell: sensational positional conversational transitional compensational Top of page e These not only continue the motion, but also produce compact outlines with clear sharp joins film fulminate volume voluminous vellum Velma realm column columnar calumny Coleman calamity coulomb calamine columbine Colombo Columbus skulk skullcap but skulker onlooker to join the Ker helterskelter compare skelter scolder scalder — one might expect upwards Ell in the second part of "helterskelter" in order to retain the direction of the circle, but compactness is more important here.
For compactness: unwarlike mirrorlike lawyerlike Compare warlike warily rarely relic Top of page 2. Clear join with preceding or next stroke Downwards Ell does not always make a good join with the following stroke, or may produce an outline with too much backward movement, so in some cases the rule of similar motion cannot be used.
With some of the words beginning "-un" this has the incidental advantage of retaining the outlines they are derived from: inlaid unlaid unled unload unladen unladylike unlatch unlearn unlovable unleavened unleash unlettered unlighted unlikelihood unlaboured unlabelled unsullied insulted unsling enslave unsaleable facile but facility fuselage fossilology footslog Note distinguishing outlines: unsold unsoiled unsold has the shorter outline as it is the most frequent word; outlines with diphthongs very often keep the strokes in full Hook L is used in a few instances even though vowels may intervene where it produces a brief and distinctive outline that cannot clash with anything else more such outlines on Theory 7 Hooks R L page : analytic enliven molecule Top of page 3.
Vowel indication For initial and final Ell, and only with certain strokes, different in each case. Vowel indication never occurs medially — medial Ell is chosen only for convenience and to a lesser degree to show derivatives. Downward Ell standing alone never takes a hook, as this would look like stroke Wel. Normal upwards Ell is used, which also achieves similar motion: scrawl scrawly scroll scrolly secretly The rule for final vowel indication is stretched to include these: actual actually structural structurally artistical artistically fantastical fantastically statistical statistically logistical logistically egotistical egotistically These follow similar motion, but do not vary for final vowel indication: intellectual intellectually conjectural conjecturally electoral Note: electorial When a suffix is adding another L sound to a word that already ends in L, the outline repeats the Ell, to reflect the lengthened pronunciation.
Only an extra final dot is needed: weasel weaselly tinsel tinselly It is always helpful to insert the final vowel sign if the outline itself does not show whether there is a final vowel or not. A small number of words with halved strokes take a downward Ell to achieve similar motion with the preceding curve, hook or circle. Such words generally do not come in pairs like "full fully" and so similar motion is the only issue: completely boldly bloodless softly swiftly exactly adequately worldly Compare proudly broadly sprightly strictly contritely where the normal upward Ell achieves similar motion as a matter of course.
Note also short form coldly. Top of page Derivatives Some derivative outlines may change the direction of the stroke Ell. In those cases the Ell is repeated. This section on negatives points up the necessity for shorthand writers to have a good grasp of how English words are formed and their meanings. These and similar negatives are also described on Theory 18 Prefixes page. This is the same liberty that is being taken when the first place "I" diphthong is joined to the end of the stroke e.
The short form includes the L sound, so no stroke Ell is required: almost always all-wise all-round all-rounder almighty already although altogether all-important all-in Top of page Downstroke Ler Downward Ell is thickened to add the unaccented sound of "-er". It is it is only used where a downward Ell would normally be used, i.
No vowel sign is required for the unaccented vowel within it. The stroke Ld is always written downwards. No vowel comes between the L and D sounds, and no vowel comes after it. Ray joins better in most combinations.
It is faster to write than Ar and, because there are more downstrokes than upstrokes in Pitman's Shorthand, using Ray keeps a large number of outlines from descending too far.
If the vowel calls for Ar, it is used where it joins well, mainly before horizontal or upstrokes: barely bearskin Brierley terseness tiresome tireless sparsely scarcely securely doorman determine similarly requirement diurnal angular binocular Ar is sometimes used before a right clockwise curve to gain a more flowing outline, despite a vowel following it: quarrel squirrel flourish aneurism neural neuralgia but neurotic neurosis Top of page 3.
A non-standard suggested contraction could be to disjoin or intersect stroke En with "surmountable" and write in 3rd position. Before Kay Gay vowel indication is often possible: fork ferric forego farrago cork Carrick cargo Garrick clerk cleric lark lyric Sark cirque sarcasm circus circuit stark Syriac Syracuse sirocco stearic resurrect insurrection Top of page 5. Keeping them in your vocabulary notebook whenever they are encountered is helpful, so they can be practised further.
After 2 downstrokes use Ray to keep the outline from descending too far: prepare despair disappear aspire stapler taxpayer ratepayer horse-power proposer trespasser Shakespeare occasionally Shakespere babbler troubler butler splutterer totterer chatterer hairdresser discoverer ditherer tax-gatherer treasurer bookstore downstairs upstairs endorser brigadier bugbear blusterer pesterer plasterer Note: fosterer to avoid awkward join After Eff and Vee, Ar gives a more facile outline, which outweighs having 3 downstrokes: pacifier testifier defier decipherer justifier exemplifier baffler trifler muffler shuffler shoveller Top of page 2.
The resulting join between Ray and Ar is not ideal, so care is needed to write accurately: rarer roarer hurrier hairier abhorrer adherer but horror horary Note the following where the hook or circle shows the junction: harasser rehearse rehearser resorter referrer reverter heronry hero-worship The above outlines need not invade the line above, because they are written at a shallow angle. Invading the line above is not critical, because that line is already written; descending too far is more to be avoided because you will have to jump over the lower part of that outline when writing on the next line.
Top of page 7. This is in contrast to single syllable derivatives, which generally change their form as necessary e. Pairs of such outlines need to be distinctive as most of the time they will be unvocalised.
This is achieved by changing the R stroke if possible, or adding an additional R stroke. This method is only concerned with producing pairs of different outlines and avoiding bad joins, not with showing the meaning of the prefix or any attempt to reflect the two R's in the longhand: 1. Change Ray to Ar, this accords with normal vowel indication: relevant irrelevant replaceable irreplaceable retrievable irretrievable religious irreligious 2.
If the Ray cannot be changed because a bad join would result, then add Ar to the beginning. No vowel sign comes between the two R strokes: radiate irradiate reclaimable irreclaimable redeemable irredeemable reducible irreducible rational irrational 3.
If unsure about an "irr-" word during dictation, add the extra initial Ar anyway, whether it is correct or not — it will be perfectly legible.
Avoiding hesitation during dictation is the highest priority, but the outline should be looked up and drilled at the first opportunity, so that you are always using the shortest outline available. R not shown Suffixes -ward -wort -wart -yard. These are unvocalised when used as suffixes. See Theory 10 Halving page for description and examples. Only the hooked form can be halved. When no vowel follows, the P is hardly sounded. It is therefore omitted and a halved Em is used to represent the M P T sound.
This reflects the pronunciation and produces a shorter outline. Do not be misled by the final "-ed" in the longhand spelling, the pronunciation is always the T sound. The compound sound MBD i. With such words you could use stroke Imp if you wanted, but your outline would not match the theory book or the dictionary. You cannot however use a thickened halved Em, because that is not available, being already used to represent plain MD. What people say when they are speaking carefully may be entirely different from their pronunciation in actual fast usage.
Top of page 2. A lone stroke, thickened, halved and with shun hook is too indistinct to be reliable. The two strokes shown above represent identical sounds, and which to use depends on the convenience of the join.
If the word is derived from one that uses a hook i. Top of page Finally 1. The reason for this is not explained, but I am assuming it is to provide an extra differentiation between the two strokes. A non-theory suggestion would be to write "fiendish" with the Ish through the line.
Compare with "misshape" above. If all the curves went the same way, the outline would be difficult to read and become illegible when written at speed. Top of page Words of non-English origin Words of French origin often pronounce their longhand "ch" with the Ish sound, although the rest of the word generally accords with English pronunciation. If you used Ish you would then have to change the past tenses to much longer outlines with full stroke Dee.
SK: schema scholar schizophrenia schizanthus scherzo schism ischiatic eschatology scholium schooner Pasch paschal CH: escheat eschew kitsch klatsch 1.
The dot represents the whole of the syllable — do not write an extra stroke M or N just because the longhand has two of that letter. The con dot is not omitted in the way that vowel dots are omitted at will.
With some stroke combinations chiefly after Pee Bee Tee Dee it may be possible to also indicate the vowel of the second part by writing that in position as well, but not at the expense of keeping the two close together. Disjoining: writing the parts of an outline near to each other because a they cannot be joined satisfactorily, or b detaching a portion of the outline to signify another suffix, e.
Its name reflects the fact that the parts would be joined if they could, or were joined to start with. When using proximity, the outlines take their position from the first vowel of the word, as normal. In the following, the initial prefix is the first up or downstroke, so that is the one that takes its rightful position in regard to the line. The second half of the outline can also be in position according to its vowel, but only if a convenient outline results: decompose decompression decontaminate discontinue discomfort disconnect disconcerting ill-concealed ill-conceived ill-considered malcontent overconfident overcompensate preconceive preconception precondition recompense recommend recommendation reconcile reconnoitre recondite recombine recondition reconsider reconstruct recommit reconnect recommence subconscious subcommittee subcontract subcontinent well-conducted well-constructed well-connected well-concealed Top of page In the following, the initial prefix is a horizontal stroke.
The first up or downstroke comes somewhere after the con-, so that is the stroke that is written in position in regard to the line. Unlike the "medial con" words listed above, the con- word in such phrases must retain its correct position in regard to the ruled line.
Sometimes the con- word cannot be placed clearly in the combination and is better written with the con dot: Clear combination: should commend, and command, on the committee, beyond the control Needs dot: should command, and commend, on the connection, beyond control, would complete When a vowel-sign short forms is part of a phrase, then proximity can be used because the con- word is being written near a stroke rather than just a floating dot or dash: for the conditions, in the committee, for all consumers, if you would consider Compare: The conditions The committee All consumers would consider If you decide to leave a larger-than-usual space between outlines in order to signify your future punctuation in the transcript, then clearly proximity is not possible.
It would not be appropriate anyway because it should only be used for words that run on easily as per normal phrasing rules and not where there is a natural gap or pause. As shorthand speed is helped by having reasonably compact notes rather than sprawling ones, it is important that only the clearest proximity phrases are used.
When in doubt, retain the dot for the con- word rather than risk a hesitation or unclear notes. Alternatives are given here because the shorthand dictionary does not reflect current pronunciation. The prefix is joined only for "accommodation" and "accomplish" as those outlines are distinctive enough not to be mistaken for other words. As they are both nouns, adding Circle S to the short form would be ambiguous. Top of page "Magnetism" etc in compound words: the contraction should not be joined, as that would not be clear.
If the Em can be joined to the stroke before it, then use it for the "magne-" prefix. Writing in full as shown is preferable to using the contraction, in order to avoid ambiguities about the endings, see asterisked note on "magnetics" above. If the magn- ends with any vowel other than the short ones shown above, it is written using full strokes, and these are not prefixes anyway: magnum magnate magnolia magnesium magnesian magnesia magnesic An exception to the above rule is "magneto".
The "magnet" words are derived from Magnesia, a region in Greece where magnetic rocks were first discovered in ancient history. Top of page 4. As the outlines need to remain unvocalised for speed purposes and their position may not always be clearly written, repeating or changing the stroke is the most reliable way to ensure the difference is always obvious.
Top of page c irr- Change Ray to Ar, as you would normally do when a vowel precedes the R sound: relevant irrelevant If that is not possible or convenient, add an Ar before the Ray. Note that the first vowel is written before the Ar, and the following vowel is written after the Ray: radiate irradiate If the outline already uses Ar, then add another Ar to the beginning.
Top of page 6. INTER- INTRO a Inter always uses doubled Em and can be vocalised, as per normal doubling rules: interpret interplay interfere interferometer interpolate interview intervene interval interchangeable interweave intertwine compare intwine entwine intercept intersect intercede intercessor interlace interlock interlink interlingual interlining interlunar interlinear Note: lunar linear international interzonal interbreed intersperse intercity interact interdependence interrelationship These do not repeat the R in the next syllable: interregnum interrogate interrupt Disjoin a following M lack of angle between strokes of different lengths or upward L to avoid an awkward join : intermittent intermarry intermix intermediate intermediary intermingle intermural intermezzo interleave interloper interlude intercommunicate intercom Note: interim has separate strokes, as the central vowel is somewhat slurred, and the alternative would be disjoining.
It therefore counts as a special unvocalised prefix, like magna-. As vowels are normally omitted, more distinction is needed. The latter may be faster as there are no pen lifts to slow down. Using doubling for both inter and intro relies on the fact that, apart from the two pairs above, they are mutually exclusive, thus avoiding clashes. With normal words, the outline is written in 2nd position, to accord with the vowel in "self", but short forms and contractions retain their original position.
The self circle is never omitted. Not used medially or finally for the word "self". Most of the time you will not be vocalising outlines and can place the circle right next to the stroke: self-opinionated self-employed self-sown If you have already completed the outline, and then decide you need to go back and insert the 2nd place vowel, placing it outside the self circle will still be readable, even though it is not the perfect textbook version.
Top of page b Self-con Write circle at the head of the stroke, to replace the con dot. Correction of the speaker's word-formation may not be appropriate in some circumstances.
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